tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58059902068707745202024-03-04T23:05:42.174-05:00Nova Southeastern UniversityShepard Broad College of LawNovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comBlogger68125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-60233452454185265862021-07-08T11:41:00.000-04:002021-07-08T11:41:08.612-04:00Vol. 46 Florida Book: Call for Papers
<b>Call for Papers</b>
<b>Volume 46 Florida Book</b>
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Nova Southeastern University (“NSU”) Shepard Broad College of Law and the Nova Law Review seek submissions for Nova Law Review’s Florida Book. The Nova Law Review’s Florida Book is the Journal’s first annual publication, it has previously featured articles by both professional and NSU law student authors relating to relevant topics regarding the state of Florida. Previous topics published in the Nova Law Review’s Florida book haven included the following:
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- INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY AND THE DEATH PENALTY: FLORIDA’S WRONGS SHOULD BE MADE RIGHT.
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- ALL EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION CLAIMS ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL: FLORIDA’S WORKSHARING AGREEMENT DOES NOT ALLOW FOR EQUAL JUSTICE UNDER THE FLORIDA CIVIL RIGHTS ACT.
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- BARBARIC RETRIBUTIVISM: NEW HAMPSHIRE AND WAHSHINGTON ARE TWO OF THE LATEST STATES TO ABOLISH THE DEATH PENALTY. HERE IS WHY FLORIDA SHOULD FOLLOW SUIT.
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- THE RIGHT TO A SPEEDY TRIAL IN FLORIDA: ANOTHER VICTIM OF COVID-19.
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- A RISING FLORIDA EPIDEMIC: BIG BUSINESS CONTROLS FLORIDA’S RECOVERY RESIDENCE CRISIS.
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- LOWERING THE FLOOR: THE CONSEQUENCES OF COMPETITION-BASED EDUCATION REFORM FOR LOW-INCOME STUDENTS & FAMILIES.
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The Nova Law Review invites academics, scholars, practitioners, post graduate students, and stakeholders to submit proposals for the Florida book. The Florida Book covers legal and policy developments specific to Florida’s jurisdiction. Articles published in the Florida Book provide relevant and timely commentary on issues relating to immigration, education, drug rehabilitation, and other issues adjoining the law. Notably, the Florida Book has been cited by the Florida Supreme Court in re-shaping the Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure in Taking the “Sandwich” Off of the Menu: Should Florida Depart from Over 150 Years of Its Criminal Procedure and Let Prosecutors Have the Last Word? by Nova Law Review alumnus Nicole Velasco Oden. Nova Law Review’s Florida Book continues to be a platform of change and progress in the Florida legal community.
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SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS: All articles submitted to the Nova Law Review for publication must meet and include the following requirements.
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– Name and affiliation of authors and co-authors
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– Title of the article
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- 15-page minimum page length
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- 1-inch margins
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- 12-point font
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- Times New Roman font type
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SUBMISSIONS & IMPORTANT DATES:
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Please submit materials to lawreview@nova.edu
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Abstract with Final Draft of Article: August 6, 2021
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Estimated Publish Date: End of Fall 2021 Semester
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FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT:
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lawreview@nova.edu, or the individuals below:
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Tracy Garcia, Editor-in-Chief, Vol. 46, tg994@mynsu.nova.edu, (561) 701-2495
Taylor White, Lead Articles Editor, Vol. 46, tw1167@mynsu.nova.edu, (954) 805-9518
Jonathan Perez, Goodwin Alumni and Relations Editor, Vol. 46, jp3113@mynsu.nova.edu
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NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-37183830332231890012021-06-09T16:05:00.001-04:002021-06-09T16:07:48.924-04:00CALL FOR PAPERS, NOVA LAW REVIEW ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM 2022<b>UNDER PRESSURE: LEGAL AND SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA ASSOCIATED WITH COVID-19</b>
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Nova Southeastern University (“NSU”) Shepard Broad College of Law and the Nova Law Review seek submissions for the Law Review’s annual Symposium on March 11, 2022. Since January 2020, COVID-19 has ravaged the United States’ population physically, economically, and psychologically. Caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (“COVID-19”), the pandemic simultaneously decimated the population, shuttered businesses, and traumatized those experiencing its effects. Consequently, increased prevalence of mental, neurological, and substance use disorders already has and will continue to present the legal system with challenges of previously unknown proportions. As mental health professionals substantiate and address the negative impacts of uncertainty, fear, isolation, and economic hardship, legal issues are multiplying.
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The Nova Law Review invites academics, scholars, practitioners, and stakeholders to submit proposals for panel presentations on topics involving the legal impact of the psychological trauma produced by COVID-19 in the United States. These may include, but are not limited to, the following:
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<b>THE EFFECT OF ISOLATION</b>
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- Depression
- Suicide
- Substance Use
- Domestic Violence
- Disability Discrimination
- Food Insecurity
- Eating Disorders
- Separations/Divorces
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<b>BUSINESS AND EMPLOYMENT MATTERS</b>
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- Employment Discrimination
- Bankruptcy
- Unemployment
- Evictions
- COVID-19 Fraud
- Insurance Coverage
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<b>SOCIAL JUSTICE</b>
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- Health Equity
- Racial Trauma
- Health Justice
- Vaccine Passports
- Research Ethics
- Barriers to Access
- Travel Restrictions Separating Families
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<b>SYSTEMIC CONSIDERATIONS</b>
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- Treatment Courts
- Recidivism
- Therapeutic Jurisprudence
- E-Health
- Health Care Facility Regulation
- Regulation of Medical Professionals
- Health Care Rationing
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The Symposium presents an opportunity for academics, practitioners, health care providers, and students in a variety of legal and mental health fields to exchange ideas and explore emerging issues. Interdisciplinary presentations are highly encouraged.
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<b>SUBMISSIONS & IMPORTANT DATES:</b>
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Please submit materials to lawreview@nova.edu
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- Submission Deadline for Abstracts: July 16, 2021
- Submission Deadline for Articles: January 14, 2022
- Symposium Date: March 11, 2022
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<b>LAW REVIEW PUBLISHED ARTICLES:</b> The Nova Law Review will review, edit, and publish submissions in the 2022 Symposium issue. Articles, as well as case studies and abstracts of research in progress, will be considered for the Symposium Program for presentation purposes. Only complete articles, however, will be published in the Law Review. Abstracts for these papers will be due no later than the July 16, 2021 deadline and will be accepted on a rolling basis until that time.
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<b>PRESENTATIONS (WITHOUT PUBLICATION) BASED ON ABSTRACTS:</b> The Nova Law Review will review and select presentations for the Symposium. If you are interested in presenting without submitting a publishable article, an abstract of the presentation must also be submitted by the July 16, 2021 deadline and will be accepted on a rolling basis until that time.
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<b>ABOUT NSU’S HEALTH LAW PROGRAM: </b> Ranked first in Florida, NSU Law provides health law and health care academics with exciting opportunities for cutting-edge research and scholarship. It also provides students interested in health law with excellent opportunities for interprofessional collaboration and practical skills building. It proudly offers the only health law concentration in the state of Florida, and the health law faculty makes a point of collaborating across professions and encouraging students to do so. NSU Law’s close geographic proximity to NSU’s College of Psychology and Health Professions Division, all located on the same campus, fosters such interaction among both faculty and students. South Florida, comprised of Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties, has 48 hospitals and numerous other counseling and health care businesses.
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<b>FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT:</b> lawreview@nova.edu, (954) 262-6295 or the individuals below:
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Professor Kathy Cerminara, cerminar@nova.edu, (954) 262-6193
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Professor Marilyn Uzdavines, muzdavines@nova.edu, (954) 262-6265
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Tracy Garcia, Editor-in-Chief, Nova Law Review, tg994@mynsu.nova.edu
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Jonathan Perez, Goodwin Alumni Editor, Nova Law Review, jp3113@mynsu.nova.edu
NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-58722493879170136002021-05-25T15:49:00.006-04:002021-05-25T16:03:37.791-04:00<img height="706" src="blob:https://www.blogger.com/a6dc3cf5-8ad2-49a7-b937-f11a3176899a" width="636" /><html><head><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="content-type"></meta><style type="text/css">ol{margin:0;padding:0}table td,table th{padding:0}.c0{color:#000000;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:9.6pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:normal}.c13{margin-left:0.3pt;padding-top:7.6pt;text-indent:-0.3pt;padding-bottom:0pt;line-height:0.9829402565956116;text-align:left;margin-right:0pt}.c8{color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:normal}.c10{color:#000000;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:normal}.c7{color:#000000;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:24pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:italic}.c1{color:#000000;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:13pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:normal}.c16{color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:24pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:normal}.c3{color:#000000;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:16.1pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:normal}.c5{color:#000000;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:19pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:italic}.c12{margin-left:50.7pt;padding-top:0pt;padding-bottom:0pt;line-height:0.9094991683959961;text-align:center;margin-right:51.9pt}.c6{padding-top:7.6pt;text-indent:0.1pt;padding-bottom:0pt;line-height:0.9662798643112183;text-align:left;margin-right:0pt}.c9{padding-top:7.6pt;text-indent:36.1pt;padding-bottom:0pt;line-height:0.961520254611969;text-align:justify;margin-right:0pt}.c17{padding-top:7.8pt;padding-bottom:0pt;line-height:0.9607267379760742;text-indent:36.3pt;text-align:justify}.c15{padding-top:13.6pt;padding-bottom:0pt;line-height:1.0;text-align:center}.c11{padding-top:0pt;padding-bottom:0pt;line-height:1.0;text-align:center}.c14{padding-top:18.8pt;padding-bottom:0pt;line-height:1.0;text-align:center}.c2{padding-top:8.3pt;padding-bottom:0pt;line-height:1.0;text-align:center}.c4{background-color:#ffffff;max-width:470.9pt;padding:73.4pt 68.5pt 105.4pt 72.5pt}.title{padding-top:24pt;color:#000000;font-weight:700;font-size:36pt;padding-bottom:6pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;page-break-after:avoid;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left}.subtitle{padding-top:18pt;color:#666666;font-size:24pt;padding-bottom:4pt;font-family:"Georgia";line-height:1.15;page-break-after:avoid;font-style:italic;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left}li{color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial"}p{margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial"}h1{padding-top:24pt;color:#000000;font-weight:700;font-size:24pt;padding-bottom:6pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;page-break-after:avoid;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left}h2{padding-top:18pt;color:#000000;font-weight:700;font-size:18pt;padding-bottom:4pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;page-break-after:avoid;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left}h3{padding-top:14pt;color:#000000;font-weight:700;font-size:14pt;padding-bottom:4pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;page-break-after:avoid;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left}h4{padding-top:12pt;color:#000000;font-weight:700;font-size:12pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;page-break-after:avoid;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left}h5{padding-top:11pt;color:#000000;font-weight:700;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;page-break-after:avoid;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left}h6{padding-top:10pt;color:#000000;font-weight:700;font-size:10pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;page-break-after:avoid;orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left}</style></head><body class="c4"><p class="c12"><span style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); border: 0.00px solid #000000; display: inline-block; height: 167.40px; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; overflow: hidden; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 491.04px;"><img alt="" src="images/image1.png" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); height: 167.40px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 491.04px;" title="" /></span><span class="c7">N</span><span class="c5">OVA </span><span class="c7">L</span><span class="c5">AW </span><span class="c7">R</span><span class="c5">EVIEW </span></p><p class="c11"><span class="c16">& </span></p><p class="c11"><span class="c7">ILSA J</span><span class="c5">OURNAL OF </span><span class="c7">I</span><span class="c5">NT</span><span class="c7">’</span><span class="c5">L </span><span class="c7">& C</span><span class="c5">OMPARATIVE </span><span class="c7">L</span><span class="c5">AW </span></p><p class="c14"><span class="c3">2021 W</span><span class="c1">RITE</span><span class="c3">-O</span><span class="c1">N </span><span class="c3">C</span><span class="c1">OMPETITION PROMPT </span></p><p class="c15"><span class="c10">F</span><span class="c0">ACTS </span></p><p class="c9"><span class="c8">Pablo Escobar is a drug lord in the once peaceful city of Shepard in the state of Nova. Police Officer Tom Barnaby received an anonymous tip that Escobar was selling drugs out of his house. Officer Barnaby stopped by the house intermittently for surveillance. During one period of surveillance, he saw Gustavo Gaviria leave the house and walk to a nearby convenience store. Officer Barnaby ordered Gaviria to stop in the store’s parking lot. Officer Barnaby identified himself as a police officer, stated that he had been monitoring the house for drug activity, and asked Gaviria to explain why he had been at the house. During this exchange, Gaviria provided, at Detective Barnaby’s request, a Nova identification card. </span></p><p class="c17"><span class="c8">Officer Barnaby then asked his dispatcher to determine whether Gaviria was subject to any outstanding warrants. When the dispatcher reported that Gaviria was subject to an outstanding warrant for forged lottery tickets, Officer Barnaby arrested him. Officer Barnaby then searched him and discovered a bag filled with a white powdery substance that was later identified to be cocaine. Gaviria is charged in Nova state court with one count of possession of a controlled substance. Gaviria moved to suppress the evidence of the contraband seized from his pockets, arguing that it had been obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment. </span></p><p class="c2"><span class="c10">Q</span><span class="c0">UESTION </span><span class="c10">P</span><span class="c0">RESENTED </span></p><p class="c13"><span class="c8">You are the law clerk for the judge in this case. The judge has asked you to write a memo of law on the following issue: </span></p><p class="c6"><span class="c8">Whether evidence seized incident to a lawful arrest on a valid warrant is admissible notwithstanding that an officer learned of the outstanding warrant during an unlawful investigatory stop.</span></p></body></html>NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-32310582092421834522020-04-28T00:37:00.000-04:002020-04-28T00:37:14.508-04:00Rachel Glaser: Vol 44 Senior Associate<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Rachel Glaser is a student at the Shepard Broad College of Law and a Senior Associate for the <i>Nova Law Review</i>. Currently, Rachel serves as Vice President of Internal Operations for the NSU Trial Association (NTA) and was previously Justice for Teams for the Moot Court Society and a Legal Research & Writing Teaching Assistant. Rachel is also a member of the College of Law Honors Program. During her time in law school, Rachel has competed in both Mock Trial Competitions and Moot Court Competitions all over the country. Currently, Rachel is a Law Clerk for Kopelowitz Ostrow in Fort Lauderlade. She lives in South Florida with her rottweiler, Jake and her cat, Winston.NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-46085859620914537722020-04-14T09:30:00.000-04:002020-04-14T09:30:16.678-04:00Adriana Pavon: Vol. 44 Articles Editor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Adriana Pavon is an honor student at the Shepard Broad College of Law, ranking first in the evening division for her year. She is currently the Vice President of the Florida Association of Women (FAWL) at NSU and an Articles Editor for Volume 44 for the <i>Nova Law Review</i>. She interned at Kubicki Draper over Summer 2019. She is currently a full-time Senior Client Associate in a Wealth Management Firm in Downtown Miami that specializes in complex estate planning strategies. She is also employed as a research assistant to Dean Struffolino and Dean Khan. Prior to attending law school she obtained a Master of Business Administration from Nova Southeastern University. She loves to travel even though flying makes her uncomfortable!NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-83390521435477305612020-04-08T09:30:00.000-04:002020-04-08T09:30:07.775-04:00Taylor Bast: Vol. 44 Articles Editor<br />
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Taylor Bast is an Articles Editor for the <i>Nova Law Review</i>
and is in her final year at Shepard Broad College of Law. She is the
current President and Treasurer of Lambda Law Society. She has interned
throughout law school with various firms practicing in areas such as
employment, wage compensation, and criminal law at both the trial level and
appellate level; and is currently interning with the firm Angelo & Banta
doing commercial litigation. She lives in South Florida with her fiancé,
Christi, and their two cats, Dr. Von Clause and Groot, and their dog, J.D.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-51740295310292033362020-03-31T09:30:00.000-04:002020-03-31T09:30:05.455-04:00Diana Mateo: Vol. 44 Articles Editor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Diana Mateo is an honor student at the Shepard Broad College of Law. During law school, she served as Justice for Academics for the Moot Court Society during the 2018-2019 academic year and participated in the Phillip C. Jessup International Moot Court Competition. As a rising 2L, she interned for Department of Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement and had the opportunity to first chair cases on asylum. This past summer Diana was a Judicial Law Clerk with the Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review through the Summer Law Intern Program. She drafted written decisions for immigration judges on various topics involving asylum, cancellation of removal, and adjustment of status. Diana has applied to Honor Attorney Programs with the Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security for post-graduation employment. She lives in South Florida with her fiancé, Hector Camacho and two cats, Wally West and Kylo Ren. She frequently visits the love her life, Luna, a Siberian Husky who resides with Diana’s mother.</div>
NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-8492305137377491752020-03-25T09:30:00.000-04:002020-03-25T09:30:04.326-04:00Dana Weinstein: Vol 44 Articles Editor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3Tyuoa1wIG7s2GtEZ1oo4v8mlGNW40hDLVKZWgzHRvLoF8ZrI6Gbl6NiaGKeZqmWxEX005sttG3MWStJuGzKq14fKIadCbUC7xeuutsSNcBU0eWX2XFG26ycS3y2VrQFxXNgAYfWVhQcN/s1600/Dana+Weinstein-9190.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1198" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3Tyuoa1wIG7s2GtEZ1oo4v8mlGNW40hDLVKZWgzHRvLoF8ZrI6Gbl6NiaGKeZqmWxEX005sttG3MWStJuGzKq14fKIadCbUC7xeuutsSNcBU0eWX2XFG26ycS3y2VrQFxXNgAYfWVhQcN/s320/Dana+Weinstein-9190.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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Dana Weinstein is an honor student at the Shepard Broad College of Law. She interned two summers in a row at the Coral Springs City Attorney's Office. She was team captain of her law school's Health Law Transactional team in which they had the best oral presentation and came in third place in a national competition. Her article, <a href="https://www.browardbar.org/wp-content/uploads/barrister/2019/feb/BarristerFeb2019.pdf"><i>Law School Mentoring 101</i></a>, co-authored with attorney Brian Koch was published in the <i>Barrister</i> (Broward County Bar Association's monthly publication). Prior to attending law school, she was an emergency room nurse at a comprehensive stroke center. In her spare time, she likes to volunteer with rescue animals. </div>
NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-84259111307390317272020-03-19T09:30:00.000-04:002020-03-19T09:30:03.281-04:00Alexandra Eichner: Vol. 44 Articles Editor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBeEQf4o0pC358HtkDEDpcswM5BnXxYUycaW9xBkyWZCfxobS58qTIIz53TQB0tii7vTx6j1sHnkCnjdu0g5o6rRj0N0RIa2WgKg2HoMDVMmKKTcQNm9_oIHp7udoI5SN0HvscSgnwxohs/s1600/Alexandra+Eichner-9357.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1198" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBeEQf4o0pC358HtkDEDpcswM5BnXxYUycaW9xBkyWZCfxobS58qTIIz53TQB0tii7vTx6j1sHnkCnjdu0g5o6rRj0N0RIa2WgKg2HoMDVMmKKTcQNm9_oIHp7udoI5SN0HvscSgnwxohs/s320/Alexandra+Eichner-9357.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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Ali Eichner is an honor student at the Shepard Broad College of Law. Her article, <i><a href="https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2376&context=nlr">Supreme Court Makes it Easier for People to Win Big</a></i>, was published as part of the Florida issue in Volume 43 of the <i>Nova Law Review</i>. During law school, she mainly focused on academics which lead to a very successful first two years. Prior to attending law school, she worked for a commercial real estate and property management company, which sparked her interest in real estate law. She was born and raised in South Florida, and currently lives there with her family.<br />
<br />NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-79225832792931988552020-03-17T09:30:00.000-04:002020-03-17T09:30:04.160-04:00Billy Passalacqua: Vol. 44 Assistant Lead Technical Editor<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBz2MVQIYsSxtJ1OVccgjicYf3vQrAJBJWe5noQXC7LEmlomM527jOOWHIycUByLa7yLb9iYUTLEQEO4ee6lxjJ7ahxU3O5kxxLVkKE-Xc2vKRxU_cmkbJDeMFrASt7AtTSGQJMcF8nUTS/s1600/Billy+Passalacqua-9741.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1198" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBz2MVQIYsSxtJ1OVccgjicYf3vQrAJBJWe5noQXC7LEmlomM527jOOWHIycUByLa7yLb9iYUTLEQEO4ee6lxjJ7ahxU3O5kxxLVkKE-Xc2vKRxU_cmkbJDeMFrASt7AtTSGQJMcF8nUTS/s320/Billy+Passalacqua-9741.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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Billy Passalacqua is a third-year student at the Shepard Broad College of Law. He currently serves as the Assistant Lead Technical Editor of <i>Nova Law Review</i> and a member of the school’s honors program. He has spent the first four of his semesters on the Dean’s list and earned four book awards. He has worked at the <a href="https://www.anidjarlevine.com/">Law Offices of Anidjar & Levine</a> over the past year of his studies. Prior to attending law school, he graduated from Florida Atlantic University with a B.A. in Criminal Justice and from a Florida Police Academy with a Florida Basic Law Enforcement Certification. After graduating Billy hopes to continue his employment with his firm, volunteer with a local law enforcement agency, and find enough time between himself and his equally busy fiancé to plan their wedding.</div>
NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-17391059794231250372020-03-11T09:30:00.000-04:002020-03-11T09:30:03.790-04:00Daniela Sirimarco: Vol. 44 Assistant Lead Articles Editor<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTANL_lqNoa961pdBYEa2xiwSWool1hZIjalwHJ_G8DbgCmnt9wIbuvjnf03snNCjSr2zTtfYge2u9dsif-sZqAmK7NroZzR6ap1XczZ_M0K0P7-xvDEzX4fVk996eE0dS_Tdg6mPRgz5q/s1600/Daniela+Sirimarco-9465.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1198" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTANL_lqNoa961pdBYEa2xiwSWool1hZIjalwHJ_G8DbgCmnt9wIbuvjnf03snNCjSr2zTtfYge2u9dsif-sZqAmK7NroZzR6ap1XczZ_M0K0P7-xvDEzX4fVk996eE0dS_Tdg6mPRgz5q/s320/Daniela+Sirimarco-9465.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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Daniela Sirimarco is an honor student at the Shepard Broad
College of Law. During her time in law school, she served as the Co-President
of the Public Interest Law Society and as a member of the NSU Trial
Association. Daniela earned three Cali Awards during her first two years of law
school. Although she always knew she wanted to be an attorney when she grew up,
she was never quite sure of what area of the law she wanted to practice in.
Thus, during law school she <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> “</span>dated
the law<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">”</span> by interning
at Americans for Immigrant Justice, the Third District Court of Appeals, the
Office of the Attorney General, and a private criminal defense firm.
Post-graduation she hopes to find her place in the legal field helping others
and giving back to the community. In her spare time, she enjoys spending time
with her mini Australian Shepard, Nala. <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></div>
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<br />NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-67014618422402384602020-03-05T09:30:00.000-05:002020-03-05T09:30:07.588-05:00Nicolo Lozano: Vol. 44 Assistant Articles Editor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja47jVZ5xdKeXCv8cigYHH0Wd6PxACzRdPruKv7WCjbYCr0H8OOJ_nRZwhBCH1OnE1KVSYx6UycpvWP9F98tlobo2TNHh_IKUi7qMmOAw_ieYCMxZ1j4p6XJXfw-dQySMebry4Hs1j_1IW/s1600/Nicolo+Lozano-9396.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1198" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja47jVZ5xdKeXCv8cigYHH0Wd6PxACzRdPruKv7WCjbYCr0H8OOJ_nRZwhBCH1OnE1KVSYx6UycpvWP9F98tlobo2TNHh_IKUi7qMmOAw_ieYCMxZ1j4p6XJXfw-dQySMebry4Hs1j_1IW/s320/Nicolo+Lozano-9396.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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Nicolo Lozano is a third year law student at the Shepard Broad College of Law. His article,<i> <a href="https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2382&context=nlr">Can President Trump Become His Own Judge and Jury? A Legal Analysis of President Trump's Amenability to Criminal Indictment and Ability to Self-Pardon</a></i> was published in <i>Nova Law Review</i>'s Volume 43. Nicolo is the Assistant Executive Editor of <i>Nova Law Review</i> and a Teaching Assistant to Professor Michael Richmond. Prior to attending law school, he graduated from the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. He is currently a corporate law clerk at Holland & Knight.NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-63221109546880181322020-03-03T09:30:00.000-05:002020-03-03T09:30:02.863-05:00Robert Scheppske: Vol. 44 Goodwin Alumni Editor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtNZeekmG8CZGA0QeVinutPHQhrnrCqYj5-lyjhJStNCFWZyaxUc6J3oeoxHUc2stuRb-z9Jcl_8zOHC2erng8Rlzpsnk3nFkmBaVoiuFZTLzvXseuh9qPpdM8AxdW6XqO_RLMZe7kLI4x/s1600/Robert+Scheppske-9452.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1198" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtNZeekmG8CZGA0QeVinutPHQhrnrCqYj5-lyjhJStNCFWZyaxUc6J3oeoxHUc2stuRb-z9Jcl_8zOHC2erng8Rlzpsnk3nFkmBaVoiuFZTLzvXseuh9qPpdM8AxdW6XqO_RLMZe7kLI4x/s320/Robert+Scheppske-9452.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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Bob Scheppske is an honor student at the Shepard Broad College of Law. During law school, he served as the Chief Justice of Moot Court, the Goodwin Alumni Editor for <i>Nova Law Review</i>, and an ambassador for President’s 64. He is currently preparing to compete in the ABA Moot Court Competition.<br />
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He was a clerk at Tripp Scott over the summer and has accepted an offer at Tripp Scott in the litigation department. Prior to attending law school, he worked for the Miami Dolphins as a membership services representative. He lives in South Florida with his wife, Rosemary Scheppske.</div>
NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-42437746016865073872020-02-27T09:30:00.000-05:002020-03-06T13:22:07.904-05:00After all, Gambling is Inevitable<h3>
Wait, what? Gambling on ESPN?</h3>
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Over the past several years ESPN has been running segments that have to do with the money lines, spreads, and even the over-under for team wins in a regular season. This seemed unusual because the act of sports gambling typically had a terrible connotation to it. Nevertheless, when Doug Kezirian debuted ESPN’s sports betting program, the <a href="https://www.usbets.com/espn-daily-wager-sports-betting-show-review/">Daily Wager</a>, as a fan, I was in shock. Kezirian stated it perfectly when he said, [w]e’re really doing it here … [w]e really are doing a sports betting show at ESPN!” This led me to the landmark decision made in <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-476_dbfi.pdf"><i>Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association</i></a>. </div>
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The Birth and Demise of the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act ("PASPA")</h3>
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In 1992, <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/3702">PASPA</a> was enacted by Congress with the goal to put an end to sports betting across the United States. With Americans being so passionate and consumed with love for their favorite sports teams, the Major Sport Leagues along with <a href="https://www.si.com/more-sports/2018/05/14/professional-amateur-sports-protection-act-explained-supreme-court-decision">Senator Bill Bradley</a> (who the bill is nicknamed after) were looking to protect the integrity of the game and protect the youth from the corrupt stigma that came with sports gambling. However, the bill created an attitude that was similar to the Prohibition era, producing a realm of illegal sports gambling—leaving the results contrast to the bills intended purpose. As the 2010s rolled around, the bill was met with judicial scrutiny. Several states tried passing sports gambling laws, which led to an onslaught of litigation.</div>
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The Major Sports Leagues were able to fight off the resisting states in their initial battle, who claimed PASPA infringed upon their <a href="https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights-transcript">Tenth Amendment</a> rights. The courts and the resisting states did not see eye-to-eye for several years. However, New Jersey, with the game on the line, was able to pull off the miraculous victory when the Supreme Court returned a verdict of six to three in their favor, ruling that PASPA was indeed unconstitutional. </div>
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More Than Just Gambling</h3>
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The Supreme Court’s decision reiterated the importance of states’ rights. This may seem like a victory for the average individual who wants to bet on sports, however the impact of the decision has a greater impact. Taking a closer look, the decision has given a second life to other controversial arguments that the states are making. The <a href="about:blank">controversial issues</a> include arguments about the decriminalization of marijuana, the opposition to <a href="http://www.thenovalawreview.com/2020/02/when-you-thought-sanctuary-policy.html">sanctuary cities</a>, and state physician-assisted suicide laws. The fall of PASPA also opened the door for numerous <a href="https://sportshandle.com/sports-betting-laws-regulation-benefits/">benefits</a> that states can take advantage of, like increased employment opportunities, higher tax revenues, and let’s not forget—more excitement for fans. Now that the legalization of sports gambling is allowed, states should take full action and grasp each and every benefit it has to offer. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqCCXQNGvb1ByOcrAX5Oef1bszrSWDdQB8t5qjlBgs0DoFhpdJBkdpm3k-PJGN_p-Nnk9PUc-v0CFofdowDeuezu1Y5Ak2qbadhhumZ7Wp7mLwQPYBtwKuKepKYry7R40dfuRtotPcoLMz/s1600/es+headshot.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqCCXQNGvb1ByOcrAX5Oef1bszrSWDdQB8t5qjlBgs0DoFhpdJBkdpm3k-PJGN_p-Nnk9PUc-v0CFofdowDeuezu1Y5Ak2qbadhhumZ7Wp7mLwQPYBtwKuKepKYry7R40dfuRtotPcoLMz/s320/es+headshot.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-5ccccea5-7fff-e40a-8c10-4296850b1212"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ethan Strauss is a Juris Doctor Candidate for May 2021 at the Shepard Broad College of Law. Prior to attending law school, he received a bachelor’s degree in Finance at the University of South Florida. He is passionate about the sports industry and aspires to work in it one day.</span></span></div>
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NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-3875427657747159662020-02-26T09:30:00.000-05:002020-03-06T13:21:34.884-05:00Jocelyn Rosillo: Vol. 44 Lead Technical Editor<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jocelyn Rosillo is a third year law student at the Shepard Broad College of Law and Lead Technical Editor for the <i>Nova Law Review</i>. Her duties include oversight of <i><a href="https://www.legalbluebook.com/default.aspx">Bluebook</a></i> citations, below-the-line edits, and all technical aspects of the publication. She also coordinates the Summer Candidacy Program to instruct incoming junior associates on the editing process and chairs the annual Bluebook Interactive Citation Workshops to reviewing citation skills with first year students.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE1IyukZQGSuXr443YefOcRQbYvcMtNSTVbVSNl6T5q4eXwhBkd1Q5uUIJ__LZWxwSVU7drETyQYC2yWE_wuio8QTZoIz0rlc_KyxOlkjZrZtdM6qqK85syCvCm33hXtBTfpkTESJNVUhd/s1600/Bluebook+WS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="559" data-original-width="746" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE1IyukZQGSuXr443YefOcRQbYvcMtNSTVbVSNl6T5q4eXwhBkd1Q5uUIJ__LZWxwSVU7drETyQYC2yWE_wuio8QTZoIz0rlc_KyxOlkjZrZtdM6qqK85syCvCm33hXtBTfpkTESJNVUhd/s320/Bluebook+WS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Jocelyn is an advocate for NSU's Trial Association (NTA) and the Moot Court Society and is also a member of the Hispanic Student Bar Association. She has competed in the <a href="https://www.floridajusticeassociation.org/CM/About_FJA/Mock_Trial/Mock_Trial_Info.aspx">Honorable E. Earle Zehmer Memorial Mock Trial Competition</a> in 2018 and 2019, and had a stellar performance as a Semifinalist in the <a href="https://tyla.org/ntc/">National Trial Competition hosted by the Texas Young Lawyers Association</a> in 2020.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoT0j4Vk8Xhi4WpZXr0Sx9wG3bEODx0DME99G3iHaj3NUPxX4Sy_5JU4hZnk6aFBfwWmBT4e_Zf9A6m_e3YLZUbeChPTSuuymlCHturks1dhY4vYSCb8tRJ38BnbdQm393drvtmo5cnFpn/s1600/Jocelyn+Rosillo-9344.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1198" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoT0j4Vk8Xhi4WpZXr0Sx9wG3bEODx0DME99G3iHaj3NUPxX4Sy_5JU4hZnk6aFBfwWmBT4e_Zf9A6m_e3YLZUbeChPTSuuymlCHturks1dhY4vYSCb8tRJ38BnbdQm393drvtmo5cnFpn/s320/Jocelyn+Rosillo-9344.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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Jocelyn is interested in the field of criminal litigation. This past summer, she interned with the Broward State Attorney's Office as a Certified Legal Intern. Jocelyn participated in court hearings, jury trials, bench trials, and motions. "The [internship] gave me the hands-on experience I longed for. Being able to handle real cases while actively participating in a courtroom was an invaluable and incomparable learning experience." She has fulfilled her aspiration to become a prosecutor once she graduates from law school by accepting a position with the State Attorney for the 17th Judicial Circuit in Broward. Jocelyn has lived in Venezuela, Canada, and currently lives in South Florida with her family and her cat, Junior.NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-29061650969501765952020-02-25T09:30:00.000-05:002020-03-06T13:16:01.615-05:00The Ultimate Guide to True Threat Threats and Hip-Hop<h3>
First Amendment and True Threats</h3>
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Although the First Amendment does guarantee Americans the right to freely express themselves, that guarantee is not absolute. Free speech <a href="https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/what-does">does not include</a> inciting actions with the intent to harm others or production of obscene materials. True threats, a form of speech founded in <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/394/705/"><i>Watts v. United States</i></a>, is not protected speech because the speaker is communicating an intention to harm another. The problem with the true threat exception is that Supreme Court has consistently <a href="https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1025/true-threats">failed</a> to create a test for lower courts to follow when analyzing true threats. This has led to the lower circuit courts adopting several different tests when analyzing true threat cases. There is <a href="https://www.freedomforuminstitute.org/first-amendment-center/topics/freedom-of-speech-2/personal-public-expression-overview/true-threats/">no uniformity</a> across the country.</div>
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Hip-Hop and Crime</h3>
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Several recent true threats cases have involved the use of <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/14/us/first-amendment-rappers-supreme-court-elonis/index.html">hip-hop lyrics</a> penned by the defendant. Hip-hop lyrics have been used by prosecutors to help prove the defendant’s state of mind at the time of the <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/08/06/338303043/a-state-court-says-rap-lyrics-cant-be-used-as-evidence-in-a-criminal-trial">crime</a>. An amateur rapper named <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/08/22/lets-kill-these-cops-jailing-of-rapper-for-song-threatening-officers-upheld-by-pa-supreme-court/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.fba966915291">Jamal Knox</a> was prosecuted for communicating terroristic threats after law enforcement discovered a song written by Knox. The song’s lyrics contained the names of specific Pittsburgh Police Department Officers and Knox’s desire to harm the police officers. Knox was found guilty when the lyrics were admitted into evidence. On appeal, Knox’s <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/15/politics/supreme-court-jamal-knox-first-amendment/index.html">conviction</a> was upheld and his appeal to the Supreme Court was rejected. The issue with allowing hip-hop lyrics as evidence is there are <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1030.1418&rep=rep1&type=pdf">negative biases</a> associated with hip-hop. These negative biases stem from negative stereotypes people have about Black people. These negative biases can result in unjust verdicts because the criminal justice system does not <a href="https://medium.com/@NACDL/when-your-art-can-and-will-be-used-against-you-hip-hop-expression-and-the-criminal-justice-d7b4c500efef">appreciate the art of hip-hop</a>.</div>
<br />
<h3>
A Proper Test</h3>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A bright-line test is needed to analyze true threats to protect the First Amendment rights of the speaker and ensure the victim is protected from harm. Circuit courts have used either <a href="https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1025/true-threats">an objective general intent test or a subjective specific intent test</a>. A test that is a hybrid of both a subjective and objective analysis ensures the defendant is prosecuted by requiring a guilty mind and an objective aspect ensures the full context of the threat is considered. Specifically, in hip-hop cases, courts would have to consider hip-hop’s use of literary devices when deciding if the lyrics are a true threat. The right to free speech is one of the most important rights Americans have and it should not be taken away without a proper analysis.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-b5j7pDweEtuCyRwFacxwLz-8eihSOtJ6XODU5PaoHOhWsdHkLvrbrzSXmlJBi-uumD-7yP7EE5buWV1UXHVQ_c24U2Av18gcduAMHYa5-Xbsa5b8jlSaWUJk6Kd_nlvVqtkxscdTvtCZ/s1600/zs+headshot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-b5j7pDweEtuCyRwFacxwLz-8eihSOtJ6XODU5PaoHOhWsdHkLvrbrzSXmlJBi-uumD-7yP7EE5buWV1UXHVQ_c24U2Av18gcduAMHYa5-Xbsa5b8jlSaWUJk6Kd_nlvVqtkxscdTvtCZ/s320/zs+headshot.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<i>Zachary Stoner is a second year student at the Shepard Broad College of Law. His article, </i>What You Rhyme Could Be Used Against You: A Call for Review of the True Threat Standard,<i> is forthcoming in the next issue of the</i> Nova Law Review<i>, Volume 44. Prior to attending law school, he earned a Bachelor’s Degree in Criminal Justice at Florida Gulf Coast University and is a lifelong and unrelenting hip-hop fan. His dream is to one day own several Pembroke Welsh Corgis.</i></div>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-2327970141231349802020-02-20T09:30:00.000-05:002020-02-27T10:33:16.404-05:00A Bird, Lime, Skip, and a Jump Towards E-Scooter Regulation<div style="text-align: justify;">
“It had to happen sooner or later – someone has died riding an electric scooter on a busy Fort Lauderdale road,” so began an article in the <a href="http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/fort-lauderdale/fl-ne-lauderdale-scooter-death-20190412-story.html">Sun-Sentinel</a>. This exact sentiment has been echoed across the country as thousands of dockless electronic scooters (e-scooters) have been introduced into more than 100 cities worldwide. A rough count of reports from the Associated Press indicates at least <a href="http://www.apnews.com/33f376b91e5945efbcbb2c460b1d0dcc">11 electronic scooter riders</a> who have died in the U.S. since 2018. Further, an investigation by Consumer Reports found <a href="http://www.consumerreports.org/product-safety/deaths-tied-to-e-scooters/">at least 1,500 e-scooter riders have been injured</a> since e-scooters were introduced in late 2017, by the company, <a href="https://www.bird.co/">Bird</a> (the most popular ride-sharing electronic scooter company). Despite safety concerns, e-scooters have become immensely popular with consumers. According to a study by the National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO), <a href="http://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NACTO_Shared-Micromobility-in-2018_Web.pdf">riders took 38.5 million trips on shared scooters in 2018</a>. </div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Proponents of ride-sharing e-scooters argue that:</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">They are cheap, clean, and efficient alternative methods of transportation</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Many cities in the U.S. have inadequate public transportation systems and roadways clogged with cars</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">E-scooters offer a viable alternative means of transportation for short trips (the average e-scooter trip lasting under 20 minutes according to the NACTO)</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">They are ideal “first-last mile” solutions. Of course, many riders also simply use e-scooters because they are fun.</li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Opponents of ride-sharing e-scooters contend that they are dangerous to both riders and pedestrians. <span style="text-align: justify;">Arguing that:</span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">E-scooter companies do not properly train and monitor riders.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">People frequently ride without helmets.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The minimum age requirement is <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2018/9/23/17882996/teens-electric-scooter-age-requirement-bird-lime">easily circumvented by underage riders</a> using their parent’s information.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Additionally, cities have been frustrated by the “act first, ask for forgiveness later” approach e-scooters companies have taken to introducing their services to cities. </li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0A4fWfFg_r7JC999H8W78YOXsMLq10tlP0Na4RwXcyNpZGdIdXK24Js4woKW9XCZ1prDxV42PQveg4i9NRakatR-xkpjGterkexR_8Sqqafq7zeuxAX4iR4Ns4c3btH3vtRkoUkzlSXdf/s1600/mw+headshot.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0A4fWfFg_r7JC999H8W78YOXsMLq10tlP0Na4RwXcyNpZGdIdXK24Js4woKW9XCZ1prDxV42PQveg4i9NRakatR-xkpjGterkexR_8Sqqafq7zeuxAX4iR4Ns4c3btH3vtRkoUkzlSXdf/s320/mw+headshot.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
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<i style="font-style: italic;">Matt Watson is a second year student at the Shepard Broad College of Law and a graduate of the University of Florida. His article, </i>A Bird, Lime, Skip, and a Jump Towards E-Scooter Regulation<i style="font-style: italic;"> is forthcoming in the next issue of the </i>Nova Law Review<i>, Volume 44. As a child, Matt was the proud owner of a Razor scooter. He can definitely do a 360 on a scooter, you guys just weren’t watching when he landed it earlier.</i></div>
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NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-29976255456043878462020-02-19T09:30:00.000-05:002020-02-25T14:30:47.270-05:00Livia Vieira: Vol. 44 Lead Articles Editor<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Livia Vieira is </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;">currently a Juris Doctor Candidate for May 2020 at Nova Southeastern University, Shepard Broad College of Law. As the Lead Articles Editor of</span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"> Nova Law Review</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;">, Volume 44, her responsibilities are to</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.2px; text-align: justify;"> oversee articles for publication, coordinate final editing weekends, and manage the </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13.2px;">production </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.2px;">efforts of the editorial staff. </span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Livia earned her legal degree in 2014 from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, National Faculty of Law in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. </span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">During her time at NSU, Livia excelled, earning book a</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">wards in Contract Law (Fall 2017), Legal Research and Writing I (Fall 2017), </span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Tort Law (Fall 2017), Property Law (Winter 2017), Civil Procedure (Winter 2017), </span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Professional Responsibility (Fall 2018), Constitutional Law (Fall 2018), Family Law (Winter 2018), </span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Evidence (Fall 2019), Business Entities (Fall 2019).</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> She</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> also served as a teaching Assistant to Professor Douglas Donoho and </span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Research Assistant to Professor Michele Struffolino.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.2px;">While attending law school, she worked as a paralegal at </span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Vincent Vaccarella, P.A. and</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Jordan Richards, PLLC, working on construction litigation and employment cases, respectively. At </span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Fowler, White & Burnett P.A., she worked as a law clerk on various insurance issues.</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> She has accepted an offer at </span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP, in Fort Lauderdale where she started as a summer associate, currently works as a law clerk,</span><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"> and will start as an Associate after taking the Florida Bar Examination. She lives in South Florida with her husband, Nicholas. </span></div>
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NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-13187731632325341362020-02-18T09:30:00.000-05:002020-02-24T21:22:02.391-05:00Florida Joins the Voter Restoration Trend: What You Need To Know About Amendment IV and The New Bill<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
The United States leads the world in
incarceration <a href="http://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/democracy-imprisoned-a-review-of-the-prevalence-and-impact-of-felony-disenfranchisement-laws-in-the-united-states/">rates</a>. In 1976, 1.17 million individuals were
disenfranchised; this number increased to over 5.85 million in 2010. This increase in disenfranchisement is
disturbing because these people are unable to participate and be part of our
democracy undermining the political process.</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
The majority of these individuals have
completed their sentences. As of 2016, <a href="http://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/6-million-lost-voters-state-level-estimates-felony-disenfranchisement-2016/">6.1
million people</a> were estimated to be affected by felony
disenfranchisement laws, only 23% of these people were incarcerated. Over 75% of disenfranchised individuals had
served their time, completed their sentences, and are reintegrated in their
communities.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<h3>
Florida's Voter Restoration Movement</h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Recently, <a href="http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/11/6/18052374/florida-amendment-4-felon-voting-rights-results.">Florida
joined the voter restoration movement</a> with the passage of
Amendment IV in the 2018 elections. The Amendment would restore voting rights for
felons in the state who had completed all terms of their sentences. With the exception of those convicted of
murder or sexual offenses.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Over 1.5
million Floridians were estimated to regain their right to vote. However, Florida legislators passed a <a href="http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/7/2/20677955/amendment-4-florida-felon-voting-rights-lawsuits-fines-fees.">repayment
bill</a> in order to continue to
regulate the franchise. The bill
requires Florida residents convicted of a felony to satisfy the debt incurred
as a result of their sentence before regaining the right to vote.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<h3>
Amendment IV</h3>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Following
the passage of Amendment IV, Florida legislators argued that the amendment was
vague and needed clarification. After
months of debate, the legislators passed Senate Bill 7066 and <a href="http://laws.flrules.org/2019/162">Governor RonDeSantis signed the bill</a>. This bill
includes a requirement in which Florida residents convicted of a felony are
required to pay all Legal Financial Obligations ("LFOs") before regaining the
right to vote. Requiring payment of LFOs
before restoration of voting rights means that Florida residents now have to
pay hundreds of millions of dollars in LFOs before being able to vote.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
For
instance, in Miami-Dade County, from the year 2000 to today, there are over <a href="http://www.wlrn.org/post/felons-might-have-pay-hundreds-millions-being-able-vote-florida.">$278
million dollars</a> in
outstanding LFOs related to ex-felons.
In Palm Beach County, there are over $195.8 million dollars in
outstanding LFOs related to ex-felons.
Over $1 billion dollars in LFOs were issued between 2013 to 2018. In those five years, only 19% of this
outstanding debt was paid per year.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Since the
1990’s, the Florida legislators have passed laws creating more than twenty
categories of LFOs for different criminal offenses. These fines serve as penalties for the crimes
committed separate from court costs and restitution fees. Concurrently, legislators have passed laws
eliminating exceptions for felons unable to satisfy their LFOs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.sentencingproject.org/news/disenfranchisement-news-florida-lawmakers-pass-new-poll-tax-voting-rights-restoration.">Mandatory
fines</a> are attached to every offense,
“from money laundering to driving under the influence, writing graffiti, and
soliciting prostitution.” For example, a
conviction of drug trafficking is attached to a “mandatory fine of $25,000 to
$500,000 per count.” This leads to most
ex-felons facing an insurmountable amount of debt upon completion of their
sentences, and yet another barrier before regaining their right to vote. Those
who never pay their outstanding will be permanently disenfranchised.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<h3>
Confusion & Carceral Debt</h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Legislators claim
that the <a href="http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/7/2/20677955/amendment-4-florida-felon-voting-rights-lawsuits-fines-fees.">bill</a> was necessary for clarification. However, the bill does not address many
issues which will create more confusion than automatic restoration would have. Florida already has a very complex system for
dealing with repayment of LFOs. There is
no single entity in place to track LFOs and it will be very expensive to create
such a system. Further, the process of
petitioning a judge to convert outstanding LFOs into community service was not
laid out in the bill.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
The current
system creates a cycle of debt for ex-felons attempting to reintegrate into
society. The incarcerated population is
often unable to pay these fees. In
enacting this bill the legislators and the governor have failed to consider the
effects of this insurmountable debt on those convicted of crimes who are
attempting to re-entry society.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Further, the
Florida legislation ignored the outstanding support of Amendment IV across
party lines by passing this bill. This
undermines the democratic process, which should ultimately rest on the will of
the people. Many voting rights advocates
are equating this bill to a poll tax because the majority of individuals with
felony conviction are members of the African American population and more
likely to be poor. As a result, several
voting rights groups have filed lawsuits questioning the constitutionality of
the new bill.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Conditioning <a href="http://www.pennstatelawreview.org/117/2/117-2-Article_Cammett.pdf">voter restoration</a> on full payment of
carceral debt could lead to a crisis where millions of people, majority of
which likely African Americans, will be permanently disenfranchised because
they are unable to pay their carceral debt.
The African American population is more likely to live in poverty and
are more likely to be in the criminal system throughout their lifetime.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<h3>
Right to Vote</h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.templelawreview.org/lawreview/assets/uploads/2017/04/Guarnieri-89-Temp.-L.-Rev.-451.pdf">Automatic restoration</a> eliminates the confusion
and burdens that are set with overly restrictive restoration bills. These laws are constantly changing, vary from
state to state, and create a lack of knowledge not only among ex-felons but
among election officials as well.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
As discussed above, the new repayment bill in <a href="http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/11/6/18052374/florida-amendment-4-felon-voting-rights-results.">Florida</a> will create confusion
because there is no one system in charge of managing carceral debt. Thus, it will be hard to regulate who is
eligible to vote, or who has satisfied their payments. Further, there is no system in place in
Florida for judges to deal with the influx of people who will petition to have
their carceral debt turned into community service. Automatic restoration would eliminate all the
hurdles and confusion that arise from the passing of this repayment bill.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The right to vote is a fundamental right. It allows citizens to play a role in the
political process. For the African American population, it is a right
they have fought and died for. <span style="background: white;">Felony disenfranchisement laws after an individual has
completed their sentences serves only as over-punishment. Not allowing ex-felons to vote and
restricting them from regaining their right to vote after serving their time
exacerbates inequality and shows them that they are not welcomed back to
reintegrate into their community. Thus,
automatic restoration of voting rights is necessary to ensure that we continue
to protect the democratic process. It is
not a true democracy when millions of citizens cannot vote yet have to abide by
the same laws as those who have a say in the political process.</span></div>
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<span style="background: white;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXCj9uL8LK_eJ0keH5ksJHP-MEnVOXRZuh17hG5URGYiZ0qohqojPn-d6Nz0xh3XQaKGNNv5ZtmL-TQPeOg4cDSMgMH_QECJ50CwjRhb6NgYBp7qRCcMyFTG8DUnDH7tZXhHd46fGwDfsa/s1600/cg+headshot.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1243" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXCj9uL8LK_eJ0keH5ksJHP-MEnVOXRZuh17hG5URGYiZ0qohqojPn-d6Nz0xh3XQaKGNNv5ZtmL-TQPeOg4cDSMgMH_QECJ50CwjRhb6NgYBp7qRCcMyFTG8DUnDH7tZXhHd46fGwDfsa/s320/cg+headshot.JPG" width="248" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white;"><i>Carol Gonzalez is a member of the NSU Honors Program at the Shepard Broad College of Law. Her Comment, </i>Is the Rising Trend of Voter Restoration Leading to Permanent Disenfranchisement of Felons? Florida Joins the Voter Restoration Trend,<i> is forthcoming in the next issue of the </i>Nova Law Review<i>, Volume 44. Prior to attending law school, she earned her bachelor’s degree in Political Science and International Relations at Florida International University. She lives in South Florida and enjoys being involved in her community.</i></span></div>
NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-62219169711672317332020-02-12T09:30:00.000-05:002020-02-12T09:30:04.627-05:00Daniella Margetic: Vol. 44 Managing Editor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif;">Daniella Margetic is a juris doctor candidate for May 2020 at the Nova Southeastern University ("NSU"), Shepard Broad College of Law. As Managing Editor of the <i>Nova Law Review</i>, her responsibilities include facilitating the technical aspects of production, subscription updates, office oversight, and the management of this blog. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"></span>In her first year at NSU, Daniella was elected by her peers in the part-time division as representative of the Student Bar Association and has been an incumbent for all four years. She currently serves as the Justice of Academics over the Workshop Division for the Moot Court Society, which provides hands on training in oral advocacy from practicing attorneys and judges. She competed in the<a href="https://flayld.org/calendar-of-events/moot-court/"> Robert Orseck Moot Court Competition</a> in 2018 and 2019 at the Florida Bar Convention and ended as a Quarterfinalist (2018/2019) and Preliminary Best Oralist (2019). Daniella is also an advocate for the NSU Trial Association and Chair of the <a href="https://www.law.nova.edu/current-students/orgs/fba/index.html">NSU Federal Bar Association Chapter</a>. </div>
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As a student member of the <a href="https://www.palmbeachbar.org/">Palm Beach County Bar Association</a> for the past three years, she has served on the Judicial Relations Committee and the Law Related Education Committee. In this capacity, she moderated a panel discussion about professionalism at a luncheon with a group of 15th Circuit judges in the presence of many young lawyers who wanted to learn from the bench's wealth of experience.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; text-align: justify;">Prior to and while attending law school, she worked as a Team Lead at Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC. In 2018 she worked as a law clerk at <a href="https://www.gmlaw.com/">Greenspoon Marder, LLP</a> in the foreclosure department, and currently works as a law clerk for </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; text-align: justify;">Falcon Partners, LLC. </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; text-align: justify;">She has accepted an offer at the Palm Beach County State Attorney's Office and will start after taking the Florida Bar Examination. She lives in South Florida with her husband, Samir.</span>NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-23863938950536713802020-02-11T09:30:00.000-05:002020-02-25T13:59:51.460-05:00Florida Sober Home Owners Cash in on the Addicted: Why They Don’t Want Change<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
As the <a href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids/opioid-overdose-crisis">opioid epidemic</a> continues to sweep the
nation, treatment centers and sober homes have proliferated. With the marketability of sunny beaches and a
relaxed lifestyle, addiction treatment has become a big business in South
Florida. Addicts from across the nation
flock to Florida in seek of recovery. However,
the Sunshine State is not the recovery oasis it is perceived to be.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">What
Is a Sober Home?</span></h3>
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A <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057870/">sober home</a>, as opposed to a
treatment facility, does not provide drug abuse rehabilitation treatment. However, the purpose of a sober home is to
provide a safe and supportive environment for those who are still vulnerable to
mainstream society in the early stages of their recovery. Once addicts receive initial inpatient
rehabilitation at a treatment facility, they continue outpatient rehab while
living amongst their peers in sober living houses. This model of recovery is known as the <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/megyn-kelly/florida-s-billion-dollar-drug-treatment-industry-plagued-overdoses-fraud-n773376">“Florida Model”</a>, as it advocates a slow
integration back into the everyday stresses of life with the support of those
who are on the same journey to sobriety.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Fraud
and Corruption Create a Billion-Dollar Industry</span></h3>
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While there are many
treatment centers and sober homes that truly wish to help those in the throes
of addiction, <a href="https://www.theregreview.org/2018/08/20/liverpool-regulating-sober-living-homes/">lax
regulation</a> in Florida has led to many “bad actors” opening
their doors with the sole purpose of gaining access into the now billion-dollar
industry. With little-to-no government
oversight and regulation in Florida, treatment centers and sober homes have used
the “Florida Model” of recovery to profit at the addict’s expense. Both operators work together by means of patient
brokering, bed flipping, insurance fraud, overbilling, and other <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/megyn-kelly/florida-s-billion-dollar-drug-treatment-industry-plagued-overdoses-fraud-n773376">unethical
practices</a> alike to make astonishingly large profits in an
unethical fashion.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Why
Those Involved in the Industry Don’t Want Regulation</span></h3>
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<span style="color: windowtext;">With
such large profits to be made in the </span><a href="https://www.floridatrend.com/article/21954/addicted-to-rehab-a-look-at-floridas-sober-houses">industry of addiction</a><span style="color: windowtext;">, it is
not uncommon for those involved in the business to own both the treatment
centers and sober living facilities.
Without government oversight, </span>dual owners of treatment
centers and sober homes can continue to take advantage of the addicted in an
under-the-radar fashion. For example,
simple urine analysis exams conducted to ensure adherence to drug-free policies
can rake in millions. Facilities bill insurers $150 to $200 for one
standard urine test that costs roughly $10 to conduct. The facilities then send the urine samples to
labs for “confirmatory” testing that can range anywhere from $1,500 to $2,000
for one sample. <span style="color: windowtext;">With millions to be made, it is obvious that those involved
in the business would be opposed to strong regulation. </span><span style="background: white;">If stringent
regulations were to be enacted in Florida, it can be assumed that stricter
policies would be implemented to oversee testing such as urinalysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Why
Change Is Needed Sooner than Later</span></h3>
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As urine analysis scams are only one small example of the <a href="https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/florida-sober-home-owner-sentenced">fraud and corruption</a> that occurs within the state, Florida needs to take greater action. Human trafficking, drug trafficking, prostitution, and intentional drug exposure are other forms of corruptive business practices that occur within Florida’s shady addiction industry. Without the implementation of stronger government oversight and regulation, the thousands of addicts that flock to the state for help will continue to be exploited.<br />
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<i>Hunter Scharf is a second year student at the Shepard Broad College of Law and a Junior Associate of </i>Nova Law Review<i>. Her Comment, </i>A Rising Florida Epidemic: Big Business Controls Florida’s Recovery Residence Crisis<i>, was published in the Florida issue of the journal. Prior to attending law school, she was a student athlete at Florida International University where she received her Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology. Hunter is a native Floridian and plans to practice law in South Florida.</i><br />
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NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-19159144463124796752020-02-06T09:30:00.000-05:002020-02-06T09:30:01.670-05:00When You Thought Sanctuary Policy Couldn’t Get More Convoluted<div style="text-align: justify;">
When most people think of sanctuary jurisdictions, they think: New York City, San Francisco, or Chicago. Typically, <a href="https://www.wfla.com/news/local-news/how-will-desantis-bill-banning-sanctuary-cities-impact-florida/">Alachua</a> County in Florida is <i>not</i> what people have in mind as a sanctuary jurisdiction. Yet, <a href="https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2019/168/BillText/er/HTML">Senate Bill 168</a>, signed into law by Florida Governor Ron DeSantis on June 14, 2019, bans sanctuary jurisdictions in Florida. The Bill requires all local authorities to honor requests from federal immigration authorities, holding detainees so they can be picked up by an agency like Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) and be subjected to detainment or deportation. Minor offenses, like jaywalking or driving without a license, could be grounds for deportation for illegal immigrant aliens.</div>
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Other Mechanisms ICE is Using</h3>
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In addition to Florida’s ban on sanctuary jurisdictions, ICE is also using various mechanisms to reach illegal immigrants by way of basic ordering agreements (“BOA”). A <a href="http://www.aclu.org/fact-sheet/faq-ices-new-enforcement-partnerships-florida">BOA</a> allows for a jail that is holding an immigrant on a detainer from ICE to be “reimbursed [fifty dollars] for up to [forty-eight] hours of detention.” Another strategy ICE is using in conjunction with the Bill is the 287(g) program. Under the program, “<a href="http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/story/desantis-urging-cooperation-ice-florida-sheriffs-are-looking-options">local law enforcement agents are deputized to work as federal immigration officials, but the program is restricted to county jails</a>.”</div>
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So Who Cares?</h3>
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The Bill will likely create a hostile environment in Florida, potentially causing contributing members of the <a href="https://research.newamericaneconomy.org/report/economic-cost-of-florida-senate-bill-168-and-house-bill-527/">immigrant</a> community to leave the State as a result. Further, it could also result in significant economic losses for the State and would also threaten key parts of Florida’s workforce in industries like agriculture and construction. Studies have shown that crime is statistically significantly lower in sanctuary jurisdictions compared to non-sanctuary jurisdiction and economies are stronger in sanctuary jurisdictions. There are higher median household income, less poverty, and less reliance on public assistance to higher labor force participation, higher employment-to-population ratios, and lower unemployment in sanctuary jurisdictions. </div>
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The threat of deportation may also scare potential human <a href="https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(18)30096-X/pdf">trafficking</a> victims into silence. Lastly, there is a basis to believe that The Bill’s goal is “to prohibit local law enforcement agencies from placing any limit on their compliance with detainers and would therefore amplify the consequences of ICE’s <a href="http://www.aclufl.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/aclufl_report_-_citizens_on_hold_-_a_look_at_ices_flawed_detainer_system_in_miami-dade_county.pdf">mistakes</a>” and may create negative <a href="https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(18)30096-X/pdf">health</a> outcomes for immigrant families.</div>
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And Why Can’t We All Just Get Along?</h3>
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Policymakers and lawmakers continue to question and <a href="http://sociology.unc.edu/files/2018/01/2017SocComp-Providing-Sanctuary-or-Fostering-Crime-A-Review-of-the-Research-on-Sanctuary-Cities-and-Crime.pdf">ban</a> sanctuary policies on the basis of public safety concerns. One reason for this is that the “discourse has less to do with crime and safety concerns and more . . . with . . . public conceptualizations of what is means to be ‘real American.’” This implied “manifestation of racism” becomes a shadow in the sanctuary policy oppositions’ narrative that undocumented immigrants infringe on the “‘rule of law’” and “‘law and order.’” This is likely why many policymakers and lawmakers “continue to recycle empirically inaccurate arguments that limited cooperation policies and non-citizens, more broadly, represent public safety concerns.”<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">—<a href="http://sociology.unc.edu/files/2018/01/2017SocComp-Providing-Sanctuary-or-Fostering-Crime-A-Review-of-the-Research-on-Sanctuary-Cities-and-Crime.pdf">Martínez et al.</a></span></div>
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In short, while committing crime, in general, must have consequences, policymakers are using any crime, no matter how small, as a method to unconstitutionally hold and detain people for deportation. As of now, the City of South Miami is already planning on <a href="http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/south-miami-florida-and-southern-poverty-law-center-will-sue-over-states-sanctuary-city-ban-11215198">challenging</a> the bill and it is yet to be seen what the legal outcome will be.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><i>Lena Abdin attends the Shepard Broad College of Law and is a Junior Associate for the </i>Nova Law Review<i>. Her article, </i></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Banning Faux Sanctuary Jurisdictions, <i>was published in the Florida Law issue of the journal, Volume 44. </i></span></span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt;">Prior to law school, she completed a master’s degree from Johns Hopkins University. Her thesis on </i><a href="http://applications.emro.who.int/emhj/v24/10/EMHJ_2018_24_10_1026_1029.pdf" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">Syrian refugee antenatal care was published by the World Health Organization</a><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt;">. Her passion for international law/immigration law stems from living in the Middle East.</i></div>
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NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-34433410819682074562020-02-05T09:30:00.001-05:002020-02-05T09:30:06.751-05:00Corey Cohen: Vol. 44 Executive Editor<div style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif;">Corey Cohen is in his final year of law school at Nova Southeastern University, Shepard Broad College of Law. He serves as the Executive Editor for </span><i><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanps" , serif;">Nova Law Review</span></i><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif;">, Volume 44. His role as part of the executive board encompasses managing the internal operations of the organization, performance evaluations, and all the organization's fiscal responsibilities. </span><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif;">His article, <i>Against All Odds: The Repeal of PASPA and the Legalization of Sports Gambling</i>, was written after the Supreme Court ruled the ban of sports betting unconstitutional. Corey is also an advocate for the Moot Court Society and NSU Trial Association (NTA). As a 2L, Corey finished as a semi-finalist in the NTA Upperclassman Competition, and subsequently competed in the AAJ Student Trial Advocacy Competition in West Palm Beach, FL. In the Winter of 2019, Corey interned for the </span><a href="https://www.flsd.uscourts.gov/content/judge-bruce-e-reinhart">Honorable Bruce E. Reinhart</a><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif;"> of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif;">Corey ranks in the top 10% of his class, and currently works as a law clerk at </span><a href="https://www.waschraines.com/" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: start;">Wasch Raines, LLP</a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif;">, putting his skills primarily towards the firm's efforts in various business litigation, franchise law, and trademark law concerns. Prior, he clerked for the general counsel of <a href="https://www.kolter.com/">Kolter Group</a>, a renowned real estate development company. He earned his Bachelor’s degree in Finance from the University of Central Florida.</span></div>
NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-68098593892205074222020-02-04T09:30:00.000-05:002020-02-05T00:18:09.282-05:00School Choice Lowers the Floor for the Lowest on the Ladder<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">From Jim Crow era segregation to <a href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/parkland-marjory-stoneman-douglas-school-shooting">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a>, what happens in American schools has always been at the center of policy debates. Perhaps longest lasting of these debates is how American schools should be run. In <i><a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/#tab-opinion-1940809">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i>, the United States Supreme Court signaled to the nation what everyone already knew: a quality education is fundamental to both the fabric of an individual and society. However, in <i><a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/411/1/">San Antonio District v. Rodriguez</a></i>, the Court shifted course and encouraged competitive-based education reform that exists today.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><h3>School Choice Policies</h3><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span> <span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">School choice initiatives ultimately boil down to two main players.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First are </span><a href="https://people.howstuffworks.com/charter-school.htm"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">charter schools</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">, which are public schools operating under a contract with a state to meet academic and enrollment criteria.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>School choice advocates and opponents alike would agree charter schools are the proverbial headlining act of the school choice portfolio.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Top performing charter schools like Alma Del Mar and the franchise of KIPP public charter schools regularly fill no less than one third of U.S. News and World Report’s top 100 high schools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But despite providing more high performing options, many low-income students are subject to the comically bad outcomes of not only underperforming charter schools, but disastrously bad business practices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Oliver’s Last Week Tonight highlighted the plight many students face when attending low-end charters when he detailed the events leading up to a </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_htSPGAY7I"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Florida charter closing in the middle of a school day</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span> <span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Second are </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/12/07/504451460/school-choice-101-what-it-is-how-it-works-and-does-it-work"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">school choice vouchers</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While state voucher policies often allow students to freely transfer between traditional public schools, voucher proponents are far more excited about the prospect of exporting public school students into private schools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>School choice vouchers allow public education funding to follow the child away from the public system and into the private one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Little to no research confirms or even suggests school choice vouchers are educationally beneficial to students but, like with all school choice policy, the very fact parents have a choice seems to be enough.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">Market Impact on School Choice</h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Underpinning the entire rise of school choice is the concept of neoliberalism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Neoliberalism instructs American values of freedom, choice, and market-based policies which create markets where they didn’t previously exist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These concepts work well in the realm of economics, where businesses compete for customers and customers are tasked with making value propositions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>School choice advocates would argue that if the concept of market economics can make a better phone, it can make a better school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, market economics don’t just make better products, they also introduce more products—many of those being cheap and bad.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The worst thing for customers who buy bad phones is they need to get a new phone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The worst thing for students who end up at a bad school is they are set back years in his or her life.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span> <span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>But still, few policy portfolios are more in vogue today than the cocktail of school choice programs circulating state legislatures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both sides of the isle enthusiastically advocate for school choice initiatives, and its perhaps the strongest thread linking the last three Presidential administrations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, while both George W. Bush and Barack Obama planted the seeds of school choice policies, President Trump supplies the fertilizer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The appointment of controversial school choice advocate Betsy DeVos to Secretary of Education and Trump’s proposed </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/trump-seeks-to-slash-85-billion-from-education-department-budget/2019/03/11/69ab930e-441f-11e9-8aab-95b8d80a1e4f_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.a4a2750b8fae"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">billion dollar investment</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> in spurring school choice threatens to put public education into a tailspin for low-income students.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
</span> <span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">And it’s no secret those on the lowest rung on the socioeconomic ladder suffer immensely from America’s broken education policy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the crumbling infrastructure of the Midwest’s urban schools, to the over-crowded classrooms and over-worked teachers of Los Angeles’ County schools, the intersection of property values and performance outcome-based funding has left the poorest students without a paddle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/22/us/la-teacher-strike-deal.html"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Los Angeles’ teacher strike</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> during the beginning of 2019 was less about earning more for overworked and underpaid professionals and more about combating the deleterious school choice policies that had siphoned public schools of much needed funding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the end, the teachers earned smaller classes, less standardized testing, and more support staff for their students while also securing a cap on Los Angeles’ ever-rising number of charter schools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead of throwing low-income students a life saver, school choice policies offer a patchwork of programs meant to whet the appetite of profiteering corporations.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><o:p>The Florida Model</o:p></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Florida has five of the nation’s top ten largest school districts and also boasts among the nation's most robust school choice programs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Florida already hosts one of the nation’s four statewide voucher programs and a vast network of charter schools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Governor Ron DeSantis looks to push Florida along as a national leader in school choice by investing heavily into both.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DeSantis has already committed over $130 million into an additional voucher scholarship and has signed a bill easing the burden on charters opening in the state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Florida, however, has become a proving ground for how school choice can lead to an increase in negative outcomes for low-income students.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A 2018 report revealed </span><a href="https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/education/fl-ne-charter-schools-report-20180918-story.html"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Florida charter school closures</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> have averaged 20 per year since 1998, and vouchers will likely leave traditional public schools in </span><a href="https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2019/05/21/school-choice-bill-may-cost-escambia-santa-rose-20-m/3740471002/"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">increased need for financial assistance</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Countering the establishment refrain of pro-school choice rhetoric has predictably come from the progressive left.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bernie Sanders’ aptly named </span><a href="https://berniesanders.com/a-thurgood-marshall-plan-for-public-education/"><i><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">A Thurgood Marshall Plan for Public Education</span></i></a><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">looks to reverse the gung-ho attitude for school choice and proposes to give them a proper appraisal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But more importantly, Sanders’ plan seeks to raise the floor of public education in the United States not through competition, but by providing public investment into known school policies which increase the engagement of the most important stake-holder in education:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the student.</span></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><i>Richard Sena is an honor student at the Shepard Broad College of Law and a Junior Associate of the </i>Nova Law Review<i>. His Comment, </i>Lowering the Floor: The Consequences of Competition-Based Education Reform for Low-Income Students and Families <i>was published in the Florida Law issue of this journal</i>. <i style="text-align: justify;">Prior to attending law school, he served for three years as a 9th grade high school English teacher in Palm Beach County, Florida. He lives in South Florida with his wife, Anna, daughters Penelope and Natalie, and their rescue mix, Bailey.</i></div><br />
NovaLawReviewhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04148163265888375395noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5805990206870774520.post-73830043869949623362020-01-31T09:30:00.000-05:002020-02-01T20:33:46.999-05:005 Problems With the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/family-first-prevention-services-act-ffpsa.aspx">The Family First Prevention Services Act</a> (“FFPSA”) was signed by President Donald Trump on February 8, 2018. The new law was enacted to help American families as the nation struggles through the current <a href="http://chronicleofsocialchange.org/opinion/child-welfare-insufficient-federal-opioid-epidemic/30551">opioid epidemic</a>. The FFPSA offers prevention services and programs for parents to preserve families and prevent children from going into foster care. </div>
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What is available under the FFPSA?</h3>
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<li><a href="http://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/family-first-detailed-summary.pdf">Eligibility</a> – Parents or relatives of candidates for foster care, or foster children who are expectant mothers or parents, are eligible for services if they have a written prevention plan.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/family-first-detailed-summary.pdf">Services</a> – Twelve months of approved mental health services, substance abuse treatment, and in-home parent skill-based programs, are all reimbursable programs and services under the new law.</li>
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<span style="text-align: justify;">–<i>See</i> John Kelly, <i><a href="https://chronicleofsocialchange.org/finance-reform/cliffsnotes-family-first-anatomy-massive-child-welfare-entitlement-reform/29894">CliffsNotes on Family First Act, Part One: Services to Prevent Foster Care</a></i></span><br />
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Sounds great! What is the problem?</h3>
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1. The FFPSA may not promote actions that are <a href="https://www.tampabay.com/opinion/columns/column-the-future-of-child-welfare-in-florida-20190201/">best</a> for children.</h4>
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The law restricts the use of <a href="http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2018/05/02/this-new-federal-law-will-change-foster-care-as-we-know-it">congregate</a> or group home placements for children. So, rather than placing children in these settings, the law encourages states to place children with relatives. However, many substance abuse issues are often <a href="http://chronicleofsocialchange.org/opinion/child-welfare-insufficient-federal-opioid-epidemic/30551">intergenerational</a>, so really the child may just be placed in a similar situation to the one they had with their parent or guardian.</div>
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2. The FFPSA stops federal adoption assistance for children adopted before their second birthday.</h4>
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Therefore, states are not able to be reimbursed by the federal government to help provide financial assistance to adoptive parents. This restriction includes supporting <a href="http://www.nacac.org/resource/eligibility-benefits-federal-assistance/">special needs</a> children.</div>
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3. Florida may be forced to deny funding to relative caregivers for the support of children in their care to prevent foster care.</h4>
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Although children in relative care typically experience higher rates of <a href="http://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IN10858.html">poverty</a>, the FFPSA funds prevention services for parents and guardians of the children, not the relative caregivers.</div>
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4. Florida may have a difficult time complying with the <a href="http://centerforchildwelfare.fmhi.usf.edu/kb/prevplans/OPPAGA%20Florida%20FFPSA%20Implementation%20Report.pdf">FFPSA’s strict standards</a>.</h4>
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The FFPSA creates strict timelines for the State to <a href="http://centerforchildwelfare.fmhi.usf.edu/kb/prevplans/OPPAGA%20Florida%20FFPSA%20Implementation%20Report.pdf">comply</a> with the requirements of the new law. Accrediting services and programs and providing training for staff is a <a href="http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2018/05/02/this-new-federal-law-will-change-foster-care-as-we-know-it.">long process</a> that could cost millions of dollars.</div>
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5. Twelve months of prevention services may not be enough to prevent foster care.</h4>
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Most <a href="http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2018/05/02/this-new-federal-law-will-change-foster-care-as-we-know-it.">addicts</a> relapse and because the twelve months begins when the child is labeled a candidate for foster care, they may not even get twelve months of treatment due to long wait times and a lack of approved services and programs.</div>
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<i>Asheley Pankratz is a student at the Shepard Broad College of Law and a Junior Associate of the </i>Nova Law Review<i>. Her article, </i>What About Florida’s Children? Analyzing the Implications of the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018<i> was published in the journal's Florida Law issue of Volume 44. She is a paralegal and has served as a Volunteer Child Advocate (Guardian Ad Litem) in South Florida. She is looking forward to a career in family law and has a deep interest in protecting the rights of children.</i></div>
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